The Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Sciences (XMAS 2025)

Ocean circulation receives its energy input at basin scales while dissipates at microscopic mixing scale. How this energy is transferred across different lengthscales is of paramount importance for understanding the ocean circulation equilibration and variability. Advancement in high-resolution numerical simulations in recent years has significantly improved our understanding of kinetic energy (KE) cascades from basin to kilometer scales, although observational evidence to verify the simulated processes remains limited. Using repeat ship-board velocity measurements along 165°E across the equatorial, subtropical and subarctic Pacific Ocean, we show that the length scale separating the inverse and forward cascades, L_S, falls in the 8 ~ 300 km range and it does not scale straightforwardly with the baroclinic deformation radius. Balanced and unbalanced oceanic motions co-exist in this range but contribute oppositely to the directional energy cascades. L_S is observed to depend on the relative strengths of these motions, as well as by their interaction. 

Oceanic scale-scale interaction,inverse versus forward cascade,balanced and unbalanced motions